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Table of Contents:
What is Infrared Heat?
History of the Sauna and Development of Infrared Technology

Energy Band of Infrared Saunas
The Structure of The Cleansing Saunas Heaters
Infrared Heaters and Electromagnetic Fields

How Cleansing Saunas is Unique

World-Wide Reports on Infrared Sauna Use

The Use of Infrared Heat to Produce Cardiovascular Conditioning

Musculoskeletal Improvements with Infrared Heat

Effects of Infrared Heat on Rheumatoid Arthritis

Other Therapeutic Effects of Infrared Heat

1. Infrared heat increases the extensibility of collagen tissues.

2. Infrared heat decreases joint stiffness

3. Infrared heat relieves muscle spasms.

4. Infrared heat treatment leads to pain relief.

5. Infrared heat increases blood flow.

6. Infrared heat assists in resolution of inflammatory infiltrates, edema, and exudates.

7. Infrared heat introduced in cancer therapy.

8. Infrared heat affects soft tissue injury.

Chinese Studies Report Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

Japanese Studies on the Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

Speculation about Infrared Heat Effects on Blood Circulation

Infrared Heat and Coronary Artery Disease, Arteriosclerosis, and Hypertension

Aging and Infrared Heat Therapy

Ear, Nose, and Throat Conditions Relieved with Infrared Heat
Contradications

What is Infrared Heat?

Radiant heat is simply a form of energy that heats objects directly through a process called conversion without having to heat the air between. Radiant heat is also called infrared energy or IR. The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three segments by wavelength, measured in microns or micrometers (a micron = 1/1,000,000 of a meter): 0.076 to 1.5 microns = near or close; 1.5 to 5.6 = middle or intermediate; 5.6 to 1000 = far or long wave infrared. The far infrared segment of the electromagnetic spectrum occurs just below, or "infra" to, red light as the next lowest energy band. This band of light is not visible to human eyes but can be seen by special cameras that translate infrared into visible colors. We can, however, feel this type of light, which we perceive as heat. The sun produces most of its energy in the infrared segment of the spectrum. Our atmosphere has a "window" in it that allows infrared rays -- in the 7 to 14 micron ranges -- to safely reach the earth's surface. When warmed, the earth radiates infrared rays in the 7 to 14 micron bands with its peak output at 10 microns.

The infrared heat produced by infrared saunas, such as Cleansing Saunas is similar to the heat from the sun.

Our tissues normally produce infrared energy and burn it as fuel to keep us warm and use it for tissue repair. Tissue production of infrared energy is associated with a variety of healing responses. At times, the infrared energy in our tissues may require a boost to a higher level to insure the fullest healing possible for tissue repair. Dr. Tsu-Tsair Oliver Chi, when summing up how infrared devices are attuned to the human body, reported that body tissues that need an infrared boost selectively absorb infrared rays. After boosting a tissue's infrared energy, the remaining rays pass onward harmlessly. This phenomenon is called "resonant absorption."

Our bodies radiate infrared energy through the skin at 3 to 50 microns, with most output at 9.4 microns. Our palms emit infrared energy too, between 8 to 14 microns. Palm healing, an ancient tradition in China, has used the healing properties of infrared rays for 3,000 years. Yogis in India also employ palm healing and recommend it especially for relieving eye strain.

History of the Sauna and Development of Infrared Technology

The Finns popularised sauna use. Their ancient religious ceremonies used it for mental, spiritual, and physical cleansing. Use of the sauna in their religion stayed with them when they migrated between 5,000 and 3,000 BC from an area northwest of Tibet to their present location in Finland. Native American Indians used sweat lodges for cleansing and purifying, recognizing the health benefits of a sweat as well.

Dr. Tadashi Ishikawa, a member of the Research and Development Department of Fuji Medical, received a patent in 1965 for a zirconia ceramic infrared heater used in the first healing infrared thermal systems. Medical practitioners in Japan were the only ones using infrared thermal systems for 14 years. In 1979, they were finally released for public use. The technique has been further refined into infrared thermal systems that have been sold in the United States since 1981. One use of infrared heat in the United States has been in the form of panels used in hospital nurseries to warm newborns.

Energy Band of Infrared Saunas

Heaters used in infrared saunas emit about one-third of their output in the middle infrared band -- from 2 to 5.6 microns -- for deep penetration and the other two-thirds in the long band -- from 5.6 to 25 microns. The output is evenly spread around the 9.4-micron pivot point of peak human output. This distribution maximizes the higher penetration of the middle band waves and combines them with the long waves that produce resonant absorption for healthy tissue output. Chinese researchers consider a band between 2 to 25 microns the most therapeutic.

The Structure of Cleansing Saunas Heaters

Sand warmed by an electrical resistance coil embedded in it is the source of heat in an infrared sauna heater. The sand and coil are contained in a long, thin, ceramic tube tuned to the needs of human body tissue. A metallic grill that is covered by a soft coating of suede-tex shields the zirconia emoting tube. It is safe to touch when the heater in Cleansing Saunas is operating.

Infrared Heaters and Electromagnetic Fields

Recently there have been reports detailing the hazards of exposure to certain kinds of electromagnetic fields, such as those from high-tension power lines, cell phones, or from computer display terminals. Infrared heating systems have been tested in Japan and found free of toxic electromagnetic fields. The Swedish National Institute of Radiation Protection has concluded, as well, that infrared heaters are not dangerous. Instead, Japanese researchers have reported that infrared radiant heat antidote the negative effects of toxic electromagnetic sources.

How Cleansing Saunas is Unique

An infrared heater, such as the one used in Cleansing Saunas employs infrared energy which penetrates body's tissues to a depth of over one and one-half inches. Its energy output is tuned to correspond closely to the body's own radiant energy so that body tissues absorb close to 93 percent of the infrared waves that reach the skin.

A conventional sauna, in comparison, must rely on an indirect means of heat to produce its heating effect on the body (convection -- air currents -- and conduction -- direct skin contact with hot air). An infrared heater heats only 20 percent of the air, leaving over 80 percent of the heat available to directly heat the body. Thus, an infrared heated sauna can warm its users to a greater depth and more efficiently than a conventional sauna.

Cleansing Saunas heater's output creates penetrating heat and mildly warm air that only heats the skin superficially. This crucial difference between it and traditional saunas explains the many unprecedented benefits that come from its use that are not attainable in conventional saunas.

Another difference lies in the process of sweating. Infrared energy created in Cleansing Saunas may induce up to two to three times the volume of sweat produced in a traditional sauna while operating at significantly cooler temperatures (100 to 130 degrees Fahrenheit -- 37 to 55 Celsius -- compared to 180-235 degrees Fahrenheit). The lower heat is safer for those concerned with cardiovascular risk factors that might be adversely affected by high temperatures encountered in more traditional saunas. (On the subject of cardiovascular concerns, German researchers reported beneficial effects from hour-long whole-body infrared exposure in two groups of hypertensive patients studied in 1989, including a 24-hour long increase in peripheral blood flow and decrease in high blood pressure.)

One issue for traditional sauna users has been breathing exceptionally hot air. It is distinctly more pleasant to breathe air that is between 50 to 125 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 60 degrees Celsius). In an infrared sauna you breathe cooler air while maintaining a feeling of warmth. As a result, infrared sauna users report a feeling of well being as an after effect.

Compared to traditional saunas, which require a closed atmosphere to maintain the levels of heat required for therapeutic results, Cleansing Saunas can be used with the door or window fully open if the only desired effect is infrared penetration. Those seeking only infrared penetration might be people who use the sauna fully clothed to warm up prior to stretching, working out, running, or exposure to cold weather.

One of the practical aspects of Cleansing Saunas is that it requires only five to ten minutes to warm from room temperature compared to 30 to 90 minutes for traditional saunas. Due to this fact alone, more people are likely to use their saunas on a regular basis. It also makes them more practical for use in clinics and resorts.

Cleansing Saunas is inexpensive to operate. A 20-minute session, including a 10-minute warm up period, costs about 5 cents ($0.05) for electricity. A comparable session with the full warm-up of a conventional sauna costs about 75 cents ($0.75) to a dollar ($1). In other words, daily usage of the infrared sauna will raise an electric bill by only $1.50 a month compared to $22 to $30 a month using a conventional sauna, if each is used for 20 minutes after warm up.

Cleansing Saunas takes only minutes to set up. Traditional saunas require building or modifying a room, or creating a separate building. Traditional Native American sweat lodges require labour-intensive installation.

World-Wide Reports on Infrared Sauna Use

Over the last 25 years, Japanese and Chinese researchers and clinicians have completed extensive research on infrared treatments and report many provocative findings. In Japan, there is an "infrared society" composed of medical doctors and physical therapists dedicated to further infrared research. Their findings support the health benefits of infrared therapy as a method of healing.

There have been over 700,000 infrared thermal systems sold in the Orient for whole-body treatments. An additional 30 million people have received localized infrared treatment in the Orient, Europe, and Australia with lamps, which emit the same 2 to 25 micron wave bands as employed in a whole-body system. In Germany, physicians in an independently developed form have used whole-body infrared therapy for over 80 years.

The Use of Infrared Heat to Produce Cardiovascular Conditioning


The August 7, 1981 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) reported what is common knowledge today: Many people who run do so to place a demand on their cardiovascular system as well as to build muscle. What isn't well known is that it also reported the "regular use of a sauna may impart a similar stress on the cardiovascular system, and its regular use may be as effective as a means of cardiovascular conditioning and burning of calories as regular exercise."

It has been found that the infrared sauna makes it possible for people in wheelchairs, those who are otherwise unable to exert themselves, and those who won't follow an exercising/conditioning program to achieve a cardiovascular training effect. It also allows for more variety in any ongoing training program.

Blood flow during whole-body hyperthermia is reported to rise from a normal five to seven quarts a minute to as many as 13 quarts a minute

.Due to the deep penetration of infrared rays (over one and a half inches into body tissue), there is a deep heating effect in the muscle tissue and internal organs. The body responds to this heat with a hypothalamic-induced increase in both heart volume and rate. Beneficial heart stress leads to a sought-after cardiovascular training and conditioning effect. Medical research confirms the use of a sauna provides cardiovascular conditioning as the body works to cool itself and involves substantial increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and metabolic rate. As a confirmation of the validity of this form of cardiovascular conditioning, extensive research by NASA in the early 1980's led to the conclusion that infrared stimulation of cardiovascular function would be the ideal way to maintain cardiovascular conditioning in American astronauts during long space flights.

Infrared Heat, Caloric Consumption, and Weight Control In its Wellness Letter, October 1990, the University of California Berkeley reported that "the 1980's was the decade of high-impact aerobics classes and high-mileage training. Yet there was something elitist about the way exercise was prescribed: only strenuous workouts would do, you had to raise your heart rate to between X and Y, and the only way to go was to "go for the burn." Such strictures insured that most 'real' exercisers were relatively young and in good shape to begin with. Many Americans got caught up in the fitness boom, but probably just as many fell by the wayside. As we've reported, recent research shows that you don't have to run marathons to become fit - that burning just 1,000 calories a week... is enough. Anything goes, as long as it burns these calories."

Guyton's Textbook of Medical Physiology reports that producing one gram of sweat requires 0.586 kcal. The JAMA citation above goes on to state that "A moderately conditioned person can easily sweat off 500 grams in a sauna, consuming nearly 300 kcal - the equivalent of running two to three miles. A heat-conditioned person can easily sweat off 600 to 800 kcal with no adverse effect. While the weight of water loss can be regained by rehydration, the calories consumed will not be." Since a sauna, such as Cleansing Saunas, helps generate two to three times the sweat produced in a conventional hot-air sauna, the implications for increased caloric consumption are quite impressive.

Assuming one takes a sauna for 30 minutes, some interesting comparisons can be drawn. Two of the highest calorie output exercises are rowing and running marathons. Peak output on a rowing machine or during a marathon burns about 600 calories in 30 minutes. An infrared sauna may better this from "just slightly" up to 250 percent by burning 900 to 2400 calories in the same period of time. It might in a single session simulate the consumption of energy equal to that expended in a six- to nine-mile run.

The infrared sauna, such as Cleansing Saunas can, therefore, play a pivotal role in both weight control and cardiovascular conditioning. It is valuable for those who don't exercise and those who can't exercise and want an effective weight control and fitness maintenance program, and the benefits regular exercise contribute to such a program.

Musculoskeletal Improvements with Infrared Heat

Success has been reported from infrared treatments by Japanese researchers for the following musculoskeletal conditions:

TMJ Arthritis
Traumatic Arthritis
Acel-Decel Injury Sequelae
Disc-Protrusion Related Neuralgia
Brain Contusion (accelerated healing)
Tight Shoulders (more relaxed)
Compression Fractures (in one situation pain stopped for three days with one treatment)
Spinal Chord Shock (reversed post traumatic shock)
Muscle Tension (relaxed)
Post-Exercise Muscle Pain (good results - vital to competitive athletes)
Arthritis: Gouty, Rheumatoid, DJD (each substantially relieved or improved)
Shoulder Pain (relieved or improved)
Bursitis (eliminated)
Muscle Spasms (reduced or eliminated)
Low-Back Pain (relieved)
Adhesions (lengthened or more easily broken - common in competitive athletes, trauma, and repetitive stress syndromes)

The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology reports "medical practitioners make use of infrared radiant heat to treat sprains, strains, bursitis, peripheral vascular diseases, arthritis, and muscle pain..."

Dr. Masao Nakamura of the O & P Medical Clinic in Japan has reported success with the use of infrared heat treatment for:

Whiplash
Sciatica
Menopause
Arthritis
Shoulder Stiffness
Insomnia
Acne
Gastroenteric Problems
Ear Diseases

Effects of Infrared Heat on Rheumatoid Arthritis

A case study reported in Sweden worked with a 70-year-old man who had rheumatoid arthritis secondary to acute rheumatic fever. He had reached his toxic limit of gold injections and his Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was still 125. After using an infrared heat system for less than five months, his ESR was down to 11.

The rheumatologist worked with a 14-year-old Swedish girl who had difficulty walking downstairs due to knee pain from the age of eight. This therapist told her mother the girl would be in a wheelchair within two years if she didn't begin gold corticosteriod therapy. After three infrared sauna treatments, she began to become more agile and subsequently took up folk dancing without the aid of conventional approaches in her recovery.

A clinical trial in Japan reported a successful solution for seven out of seven cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with whole-body infrared therapy.These case studies and clinical trials indicate that further study is warranted for the use of whole-body infrared therapy in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Other Therapeutic Effects of Infrared Heat

The following information has been summarized from Chapter 9 of Therapeutic Heat and Cold, Fourth Edition, Editors Justus F. Lehmann, M.D., Williams, and Wilkin, or concluded from data gathered there.Generally it is accepted that heat produces the following desirable therapeutic effects:

1. Infrared heat increases the extensibility of collagen tissues.


Tissues heated to 45 degrees Celsius and then stretched exhibit a nonelastic residual elongation of about 0.5 to 0.9 percent that persists after the stretch is removed. This does not occur in these same tissues when stretched at normal tissue temperatures. Therefore 20 stretching sessions can produce a 10 to 18 percentage increase in length of tissues heated and stretched.

Stretching of tissue in the presence of heat would be especially valuable in working with ligaments, joint capsules, tendons, fasciae, and synoviurn that have become scarred, thickened, or contracted. Such stretching at 45 degrees Celsius caused much less weakening in stretched tissues for a given elongation than a similar elongation produced at normal tissue temperatures.

Experiments cited clearly showed low-force stretching could produce significant residual elongation when heat is applied together with stretching or range-of-motion exercises. This is safer than stretching tissues at normal tissue temperatures.

2. Infrared heat decreases joint stiffness.


There was a 20 percent decrease in rheumatoid finger joint stiffness at 45 degrees Celsius (112 degrees Fahrenheit) as compared with 33 degrees Celsius (92 degrees Fahrenheit), which correlated perfectly to both subjective and objective observation of stiffness. Speculation has it that any stiffened joint and thickened connective tissues may respond in a similar fashion.

3. Infrared heat relieves muscle spasms.


Muscle spasms have long been observed to be reduced through the use of heat, be they secondary to underlying skeletal, joint, or neuropathological conditions. This result is possibly produced by the combined effect of heat on both primary and secondary afferent nerves from spindle cells and from its effects on Golgi tendon organs. The results produced demonstrated their peak effect within the therapeutic temperature range obtainable with radiant heat

4. Infrared heat treatment leads to pain relief.
Pain may be relieved via the reduction of attendant or secondary spasms. Pain is also at times related to ischemia (lack of blood supply) due to tension or spasm that can be improved by the hyperemia that heat-induced vasodilatation produces, thus breaking the feedback loop in which the ischemia leads to further spasm and then more pain.

Heat has been shown to reduce pain sensation by direct action on both free-nerve endings in tissues and on peripheral nerves. In one dental study, repeated heat applications led finally to abolishment of the whole nerve response responsible for pain arising from dental pulp.

Heat may lead to both increased endorphin production and a shutting down of the so called "spinal gate" of Melzack and Wall, each of which can reduce pain.

Localized infrared therapy using lamps tuned to the 2 to 25 micron waveband is used for the treatment and relief of pain by over 40 reputable Chinese medical institutes.

5. Infrared heat increases blood flow.


Heating one area of the body produces reflex-modulated vasodilators in distant-body areas, even in the absence of a change in core body temperature. Heat one extremity and the contralateral extremity also dilates; heat a forearm and both lower extremities dilate; heat the front of the trunk and the hand dilates.

Heating muscles produces an increased blood flow level similar to that seen during exercise. Temperature elevation also produces an increased blood flow and dilation directly in capillaries, arterioles, and venules, probably through direct action on their smooth muscles. The release of bradykinin, released as a consequence of sweat-gland activity, also produces increased blood flow and vasodilatation.

Whole-body hyperthermia, with a consequent core temperature elevation, further induces vasodilatation via a hypothalamic-induced decrease in sympathetic tone on the arteriovenous anastomoses. Vasodilatation is also produced by axonal reflexes that change vasomotor balance.

6. Infrared heat assists in resolution of inflammatory infiltrates, oedema, and exudates.

Increased peripheral circulation provides the transport needed to help evacuate oedema, which can help inflammation, decrease pain, and help speed healing.

7. Infrared heat introduced in cancer therapy.


More recently, infrared heat has been used in cancer therapy. This is a new experimental procedure that shows great promise in some cases when used properly. American researchers favour careful monitoring of the tumour temperature; whereas, the successes reported in Japan make no mention of such precaution.

8. Infrared heat affects soft tissue injury.


Infrared healing is now becoming a leading edge care for soft tissue injuries to promote both relief in chronic or intractable "permanent" cases, and accelerated healing in newer injuries.


Chinese Studies Report Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

Researchers report over 90 percent success in a summary of Chinese studies that assessed the effects of infrared heat therapy on:

Soft tissue injury
Lumbar strain
Periarthritis of the shoulder
Sciatica
Pain during menstruation
Neurodermatitis
Eczema with infection
Post-surgical infections
Facial paralysis (Bell's Palsy)
Diarrhoea
Cholecystitis
Neurasthenia
Pelvic infection
Paediatric pneumonia
Tinea
Frostbite with inflammation

Japanese Studies on the Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

As reported in Infrared Therapy by Dr. Yamajaki, Japanese researchers have produced the following provocative results with whole-body infrared heat:

Burns (relieves pain and decreases healing time with less scarring)
High blood pressure (safe in 40 to 50 degrees Celsius, 104 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit, regular use helps lower pressure)
Low blood pressure (sauna trains the body to raise the pressure)
Brain damage (accelerated repair in brain contusions)
Short-term memory loss (improved)
Cancer of the tongue (improved)
Toxic electromagnetic fields (effects neutralized)
Cerebral haemorrhage (speeds and significantly enhances recovery)
Arthritis, acute and chronic (greatly relieved)
Gouty arthritis (relieved)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (relieved)
Menopausal symptoms (relieved chills, nervousness, depression, dizziness, head- and stomach-aches)
Weight loss (produced through sweating, the energy expended to produce sweating, and through direct excretion of fat)
Auto accident-related soft tissue injury (daily sessions used until best healing attained, then used to deal with permanent residuals; pain control for chronic residuals lasted three days before another treatment was necessary)

Speculation about Infrared Heat Effects on Blood Circulation

All of the following ailments may be associated to some degree with poor circulation and, thus, may respond well to increased peripheral dilation associated with infrared treatment:

Arthritis
Sciatica
Backache
Haemorrhoids
Nervous tension
Diabetes
Children's overtired muscles
Varicose veins
Neuritis
Bursitis
Rheumatism
Strained muscles
Fatigue
Stretch marks
Menstrual cramps
Upset stomach
Leg and decubitus ulcers (that fail to heal using conventional approaches)
Post-operative oedema (treatment has proven so effective hospital stays were reduced by 25 percent)
Peripheral occlusive disease ("The goal is to maintain an optimal blood flow rate to the affected part...In general the temperature should be maintained at the highest level, which does not increase the circulatory discrepancy as shown by cyanosis and pain." Therapeutic Heat and Cold, pp. 456-457.)

Infrared Heat and Coronary Artery Disease, Arteriosclerosis, and Hypertension

Finnish researchers, reporting the regular use of conventional saunas state "there is abundant evidence to suggest that blood vessels of regular sauna-goers remain elastic and pliable longer due to the regular dilation and contraction" of blood vessels induced by sauna use, such as Cleansing Saunas.

In 1989, German medical researchers reported in "Dermatol Monatsschr" a single whole-body session of infrared-induced hyperthermia lasting over one hour had only beneficial effects on subjects with State I and II essential hypertension. Each subject experienced a rise in core body temperature to a maximum level of 35.5 degrees Celsius (100.5 Fahrenheit). All of the subjects in one experiment had significant decreases in arterial, venous, and mean blood pressure that lasted for at least 24 hours and linked, according to researchers, to a persistent peripheral dilation effect. An improvement in plasma viscosity was also noted.

Another group of similar hypertensive patients was also studied under the same conditions of hyperthermia, with an eye toward more carefully evaluating the circulatory system effects induced by this type of whole-body heating. During each infrared session, there was a significant decrease of blood pressure, cardiac ejection resistance, and total peripheral resistance in every subject. There was also a significant increase of the subjects' heart rates, stroke volumes, cardiac outputs, and ejection fractions. The researchers site these last three effects as evidence that the stimulation of the heart during infrared-induced hyperthermia is well compensated, while the prior list of effects show clear detail of the microcirculatory changes leading to the desired result of a lowering blood pressure.

Aging and Infrared Heat Therapy

Problems often accompanying aging have been reported in Japan to be alleviated or reduced by the use of infrared therapy:

Menopause
Cold hands and feet (a physical therapist found 20 to 50 percent improvement was maintained).
High blood pressure (in the case of a diabetic a systolic decrease from 180 to 125 and a concurrent 10 pound weigh loss)
Rheumatoid arthritis (seven out of seven cases resolved in one clinical trial)
Radiation sickness (relieved signs and symptoms)
Cancer pain (greatly relived pain in later stages)
Sequelae of strokes (Herniparesis relieved over time)
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (reduced)
Duodenal ulcers (eliminated)
Pain preventing sleep or limiting sleeping positions (relieved)
Compression fracture pain (pain gone for three days after each treatment in osteoporotic compression fractures)
Haemorrhoids (reduced)
Cystitis (gone)
Cirrhosis of the liver (reversed)
Gastritis (relieved)
Hepatitis (gone)
Asthma, bronchitis (cleared up)
Chron's Disease (gone)
Post-surgical adhesions (reduced)
Leg ulcers (healed when previously static and resistant to other care)
Keloids (significantly softened and, in some cases, completely gone)

Ear, Nose, and Throat Conditions Relieved with Infrared Heat

In Japan, ear, nose, and throat conditions were relieved with infrared heat treatments:

Chronic middle-ear inflammation or infection (in one study of chronic serous otitis media no pathogenic bacteria were isolated in 70 percent of the subjects studied after the use of heat)
Sore throats
Tinnitus (chronic severe case cleared with 10 infrared treatments)
Nose bleeding (reduced)
Infrared Heat Improved Skin Conditions
Infrared therapy is used routinely in burn units throughout Asia.
Skin conditions improved in Japan and China with the use of infrared heat application:
Nettle rash
Clogged pores (unplugged of cosmetics, unexcelled skin texture and tone)
Poor skin tone (restored to a more youthful level)
Scars and pain from burns or wounds (decreased in severity and extent)
Lacerations (healed quicker with less pain and scarring)